Iron: A Fine Line

      As seen by the comments above, iron deficiency can increase the reactivity of the immune system triggering asthmatic symptoms and hair loss in mice. The inflammatory response does limit bacterial growth and boost antibacterial defenses.
     The goal should be to normalize iron status rather than load the body with excess iron. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency world-wide according to some investigators. Frequency of mild iron deficiency is difficult to determine.
     Excess iron intake can be as much of a problem as iron deficiency. As many as one in 200 people may carry a single gene for a disorder called hemachromatosis which is associated with increased tendency to absorb and store iron. There may be over one million people with a double copy of this gene in the United States. Iron overload in these people can aggravate arthritis, heart disease, cancer and diabetes.
     Many physicians and lay people associate anemia immediately with iron deficiency. Deficiency of other nutrients such as folic acid, B12, and vitamin E may also be involved. If anemia fails to resolve with modest iron supplementation, this does not necessarily mean that more iron is required.

     GNLD Chelated Iron is a relatively safe way to obtain additional iron. The iron is double-wrapped with amino acids to prevent the iron from behaving as a free radical in the digestive tract. Chelation also makes iron less available to pathogens in the digestive tract which have a particular fondness for this mineral.

References:

Clark SF (2008) Iron deficiency anemia. Nutr Clin Pract 23: 128-141.

Crawford, Roberta, The Iron Elephant, Glyndon, MD: Vida Publishing 1993.

Iron, Allergic Asthma, & Hair Loss

     Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma accounting for 60% of the 20 million asthma sufferers. This condition is characterized by inflammatio an airway obstruction caused by exposure to an allergen.
      Scientists used a clsic model of IgE-mediated allergy in mice to test the effect of low or high iron levels on the severity of the allergic response. They found that iron supplementation markedly decreased allergen-induced airway hyper-reactivity and the underlying immune mediated mechnisms involved in creating the hyper-reactivity.
      The researchers concluded, "Taken together, these studies show that iron supplementation can decrease the severity of allergic inflammation in the lung, potentially via multiple mechanisms that affect mast cell activity. Further studies are indicated to determine the potential of iron supplementation to modulate the clinical severity of allergic diseases in humans."
      Why did the researchers decide to try iron? Iron is well-known to affect the ability to oxygenate tissues and generate energy. A study conducted in 2010 found that iron deficiency acted as a trigger increasing mast cell activation. Mast cells are the key players in IgE-mediated allergic reactions.
     The consequence of the iron deficiency and immune activation in the original study resulted in hair loss. This little study was of interest to me because in my book Your Body's Sign Language (page 31) I reported that Dr. Janet Roberts found iron deficiency to be the main determinant of hair loss in 72% of premenopausal women. Premenopausal women are susceptible to iron deficiency due to the blood loss associated with the menstrual period.
     The level of iron deficiency in the asthma study was mild. Tissue stores of iron were low but blood levels of iron and red blood cell formation were not abnormal. The researchers note, "Our in vivo studies also clearly show that iron supplementation can decrease the severity of inflammation in an in vivo model of allergic asthma in mice with mild iron deficiency." Human beings with a similar degree of iron deficiency to these mice would not typically be classified as iron deficient. Detection of this degree of deficiency would require expensive and invasive testing.
References:
     Hale LP, Kant EP, Greer PK, Foster WM (2012) Iron Supplementation Decreases Severity of Allergic Inflammation in Murine Lung. PLoS ONE 7(9): e45667. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045667
     Vanderford DA, Greer PK, Sharp JM, Finberg KA, Chichlowski M, et al. (2010) Alopecia in IL-10-deficient mouse pups is c-Kit-dependent and can be triggered by iron deficiency. Exp Dermatol 19: 518-526.

Male Issues

       One of th frequent questions athletes and older men have is how to increase testosterone levels naturally. A recent study found that supplementation with 10 mg of magnesium for every 2.2 pounds of body weight increased testosterone levels in men who were both sedentary and exercising. The increases were higher in men who exercised.
      GNLD produces masculine and feminine herbal formulas. These are designed to support optimal hormone production and functioning. Saw Palmetto, found in the masculine herbal formula, has been shown in scientific studies to benefit prostatic hypertrophy. Dr. Jonathan Wright suggests that the benefits result from a number of actions including increasing testosterone and inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone which creates problems. The herb also inhibits the growth stimulating effects of estrogen on the prostate. Clinical trials comparing saw palmetto and the drug Proscar found "that both treatments were equally effective in reducing symptoms of BPH."
     There was one difference, however. Proscar-treated men complained substantially more about decreased libido, impotence, and ejaculatory disorders.
References:
Cinar, Vedat, et al., Effects o magnesium supplementation on testosterone levels of athletes and sedentary subjects at rest and after exhaustion, Biological Trace Element Research, April 2011; 140(1): 18-23.
Wright, Jonathan, Maximize Your Vitality & Potency, Petaluma, CA.: Smart Publications, 1999, 180.

Stupidity on the Rise

    Stanford University researcher and geneticist Dr. Gerald Crabtree believes that we are seeing a decline in the intelligence of the human race. The researcher began his article, "I would wager that if an average citizen from Athens of 1000 BC were to appear suddenly among us, he or she would be among the brightest and most intellectually alive of our colleagues and companions, with a good memory, a broad range of ideas, and a clear-sighted view of important issues. Furthermore, I would guess that he or she would be among the most emotionally stable of our friends and colleagues." Crabtree believes that this degeneration is associated with genetic damage. 
     Nutrition pioneer Weston Price wrote Nutrition and Physical Degeneration to make the point that modern foods, with their poor nutritional value, caused a decline in both physical and intellectual vigour.
    Since the day of Price we have exposed ourselves to not only refined foods, but also fluoride, pesticides, and high fructose corn syrup. All of these have been shown to weaken both mind and body. UCLA researcher Fernando Gomez-Pinilla found that a diet high in fructose made rats stupid. The effect could be prevented by omega-3 supplementation. See the link below for more details.
    With regard to fluoride, Harvard researchers wrote, "...children in high fluoride areas had significantly lower IQ scores than those who lived in low fluoride areas..." Phyllis Mullenix who published one of the earliest papers on the brain-damaging effects of fluoride lost her research position 3 days after her paper was accepted for publication.
    Prenatal exposure to the common pesticide chlorpyrifos was shown to result in lower IQ in children at 7 years of age.
    Roger Williams found that the IQ difference between children on a "good" diet versus a "poor" diet amounted to over 22.6 IQ points. Sadly, we are doing a lot to ruin the brains of the human population and neglecting the sound nutrition which could improve the situation.
References:
http://bmi205.stanford.edu/_media/crabtree-2.pdf
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Prevent Stupidity from Fructose
Fluoride and IQ
Review of 36 Studies on Fluoride
Phyllis J. Mullenix, Pamela K. Denbesten, Ann Schunior, William J. Kernan, Neurotoxicity of sodium fluoride in rats, Neurotoxicology and Teratology, Volume 17, Issue 2, March-April 1995, Pages 169-177, DOI: 10.1016/0892-0362(94)00070-T
Pesticides and IQ
Williams, Roger, Nutrition Against Disease, New York: Pitman Publishing, 1971, 65.

Why Quality and Toxic Exposures Matter

    A recent study found that farmed Atlantic salmon were often contaminated with pollutants. Feeding mice these salmon resulted in insulin resistance and obesity. Mice fed farmed Atlantic salmon without pollutant residues did not develop these health problems. The researchers who conducted this study wrote, "Our data indicate that intake of farmed salmon fillet contributes to several metabolic disorders linked to type 2 diabetes and obesity, and suggest a role of POP's (Persistent Organic Pollutants) in these deleterious effects. Overall, these findings may participate to improve nutritional strategies for the prevention and therapy of insulin resistance."
     This study reveals why GNLD tests their Salmon Oil Plus product for over 250 pollutants with a standard of none detectable. I do not know of another company which does such thorough testing to make sure that their omega-3 product is toxin free. Attention to toxicological issues such as pesticides and GMO's makes a difference!
Reference:
Ibrahim, Mohammad, et al., Chronic consumption of farmed salmon containing persistent organic pollutants causes insulin resistance and obesity in mice, PLOS, September 23, 2011.

BPA and the FDA

    March 30, 2012: The FDA refused to ban BPA (bisphenol-A). This is an industrial chemical used to harden plastics. It is found in most plastic bottles (including milk containers), cash register receipts, and the linings of canned food. It leaches into foods and acts as a synthetic estrogen in very tiny quantities and has been shown to feminize males. BPA has also been associated with induction of obesity and damage to the heart, brain and nervous system.
     The FDA position is that the dose makes the poison so they are trying to the total exposure down. The FDA also wants to see more human studies which is difficult because the chemical is so common that it is found in over 90% of the population. Animal studies have clearly shown the damaging effects of BPA.
     Some feel that the refusal to ban this toxic substance has more to do with the financial investment manufacturers have in products containing BPA.
    Plastic containers with the numbers 3, 7 and PC are likely to contain the estrogenic compounds BPA or polycarbonate. The FDA will most likely ban BPA eventually, but how many people will be damaged by this chemical because of a government policy based upon the concept that new chemicals are "innocent until proven guilty."
References:
Time Magazine Article
Newsmax Article

Junk Food, Asthma, and Eczema

    A research study recently found that eating junk food just three times a week increased risk of developing asthma and eczema. The study involving more than 50 countries found that teenagers consuming junk food three or more times a week were 39% more likely to develop asthma. Younger children had a 27% increased risk. There was also increased risk of inflammation of the sinuses and eyes and eczema.
     By contrast, the researchers found that three servings of fruit and vegetables reduced risk of asthma in the younger group by 14% and in teens by 11%.
References:
Junk Food Linked to Asthma
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9799864/Junk-food-linked-to-asthma-and-eczema-in-children.html

Holiday Tips

    Christmas is a great time to enjoy favorite foods and beverages, but it is also easy to overeat and develop digestive problems or gain weight. Here are some important tips:
     Keep Water Handy: High calorie beverages like eggnog, hot chocolate and fruit juices are common during the holidays. Insufficient water consumption can increase the consumption of these high caloric beverages.
    Keep Healthy Snacks Available: The tendency to consume cake, pie and cookies as snacks can lead to overindulgence during the holidays. Try and restrict these sweets to meals as desserts.
    Eat Breakfast: Skipping breakfast and eating too much latter in the day is a sure prescription for weight gain. Calories consumed late in the day are not burned off like those consumed in the morning.
    Share Healthy Food: The tendency is to take sweets to pot lucks and to prepare these foods for group meals. Share healthier dishes like fruit or vegetable salads. I like to share homemade sugar-free fruit sorbet and cookies composed of dehydrated fruit and nuts. We have a local pie shop that will make pies without sugar if an order is placed. These are wonderful served with a little ice cream or whipped cream.

Psychiatric Drug Withdrawal

    Peter Breggin has been a leading figure in the attempt to warn the psychiatric profession of the dangers of psychiatric drugs like Ritalin and Prozac. His most recent book is one of the few available which discusses the details of how to withdraw from psychiatric medications without experiencing serious symptoms. The book is well worth reading just for Breggin's own story of how he came to realize the serious problems involved with these medications. Unfortunately, Breggin minimizes the role that nutrient supplementation can play in decreasing withdrawal symptoms. I have talked to several individuals over the years who found withdrawal from addictive drugs impossible until they improved their nutrient intake. You can click on this link to travel to the web site Dr. Breggin has created.
     Breggin's web site contains the following warning:
Warning!    Most psychiatric drugs can cause withdrawal reactions, sometimes including life-threatening emotional and physical withdrawal problems. In short, it is not only dangerous to start taking psychiatric drugs, it can also be dangerous to stop them. Withdrawal from psychiatric drugs should be done carefully under experienced clinical supervision. Methods for safely withdrawing from psychiatric drugs are discussed in Dr. Breggin's new book, Psychiatric Drug Withdrawal: A Guide for Prescribers, Therapists, Patients, and Their Families.

Cardiio and Pulse Testing

    You might want to think about purchasing a new app called Cardiio developed for iPhone and iPad users by Harvard University and MIT researchers. The new application allows these devices to calculate heart rate merely by gazing at your face. It measures tiny changes in blood flow to the face which are invisible to he human eye and then calculates pulse rate to within 3 beats per minute. It is considered one of the top apps in the health and fitness area.
     Pulse rate can be a valuable clue to the existence of allergies. This is discussed in a volume called The Pulse Test by Arthur Coca. Coca relieved his wife of a wide variety of conditions by identifying foods which increased pulse rate. You will find a summary of the pulse test criteria by clicking on this link to take you to the proper location on our web site.

Proposition 37 Defeated, Implications

    California's Proposition 37 was defeated at the ballot box. The proposition would have required that foods containing genetically modified ingredients be labelled as such. Similar laws exist in 40 countries. An assortment of powerful industrial giants spend one million dollars a day to defeat the initiative. Major opponents of the measure in order of expenditure included Monsanto (over 7 million), E.I. Dupont de Nemours & Co. (about 5 million), Pepsico, Inc. (over 2 million), Basf Plant Science, Bayer Cropscience, Dow Agrosciences, Syngenta Corporation (2 million), Kraft Foods, Coca-Cola North America, Nestle USA, Inc., Conagra Foods, General Mills (over 1 million) and Kellogg Company, Smithfield Foods, Inc., Campbell Soup, H.J. Heinz, and Del Monte Foods (over 500,000. Other contributors included Hershey, Smucker, Ocean Spray Cranberries, Mars, Hormel and Unilever. Total expenditures were probably over 50 million dollars. Supporters of the proposition spent about one tenth as much.
    The defeat of this measure assures that California citizens will remain blissfully unaware of the GMO laden foods they are consuming. A survey of the food and beverage vendors listed above should provide a clue to how widespread GMO ingredients are in the food supply.
     The GMO industry has been quick to follow up on their victory. Organic growers and food safety advocates on November 20 condemned an advisory report to the Agriculture Department which would require farmers of conventional and organic crops to bear the cost of preventing contamination from GMO varieties by purchasing insurance. The proposal allows producers of genetically modified crops to abdicate responsibililty for any contamination resulting from their farming practices.

GMO's and Tumor Formation

     Long term testing on Genetically Modified Foods and Roundup are almost impossible to find. September 2012 may go down in the history books due to the publication of testing on Roundup and GMO corn. Animals were exposed to 1 part per billion Roundup in their drinking water or to a diet which consisted of 11%, 22% or 33% GMO corn. All treated groups died 2-3 times more than control animals given pure water and corn which had not been genetically modified.
     Tumor incidence soared in animals exposed to GMO's and Roundup. In female animals no tumors appeared in control groups for 14 months. Tumors appeared in 10-30% of the animals in treated groups. By the 24th month 50-80% of females in all treated groups had up to 3 tumors per animal. Only 30% of the control grouip had cancers. The most common tumor in female animals was breast cancer.
     Male animals developed massive tumors. Most tumors were in the skin. Other organs affected by the test substances were the kidney, liver and digestive tract.
    The authors of the study commented, "The first large detectable tumors occurred at 4 and 7 months into the study in males and females respectively, underlining the inadequacy of the standard 90 day feeding trials for evaluati8ng GM crop and food toxicity."
     Any GMO study of this nature is going to be highly controversial because Monsanto, the key player behind GMO foods, is one of American's most successful and profitable companies.
    Russia suspended the import and use of American GM corn the day after the announcement of the European study discussed above. The European Food Safety Authority ordered its own review of the research. GM corn is not fed to people in Europe but it is used to feed animals. Pro-GM scientists have been lining up to undermire the French experiments and criticize the way they were conducted. Monsanto, manufacturer of the GM corn, said it did not think the French study would affect its license to export the corn to Europe.
References:
Mail Online Response to GM Study
Reuters Article
Washington Post Article
Seralini, Gilles-Eric, Clair, Emillie, et al., Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize, Chem. Toxicol. (2012).
Click here for the study including photographs of the tumors on animals fed GMO corn or water with Roundup.

Adolescents & Carotenoids

    A recent study found that low intake of carotenoids and vitamin C by adolescents was inversely associated with risk of developing metabolic syndrome. This is a prediabetic condition associated with eratic blood sugars and excessive inflammation in the tissues. It is no secret that most adolescents eat few foods containing carotenoids. The most commonly consumed vegetable among young people is potatoes in the form of French fries. Potatoes do not contain a significant quantity of carotenoids.
Reference: 
Beydoun MA, Canas JA, et al, Serum Antioxidant Concentrations and Metabolic Syndrome Are Associated among U.S. Adolescents in Recent National Surveys, J Nutr, 2012 Jul 18.

Vitamin D, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure

    An analysis of 6 studies found a strong association between blood levels of vitamin D and the development of gestational diabetes. Five of the studies showed a clear inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and blood sugar stability. The sixth study found a relationship between higher vitamin D levels and lower blood sugar and insulin levels.
     Gestational diabetes may increase the likelihood for children to develop obesity and diabetes later in life. A little vitamin D supplementation is a cheap price to pay for healthier children. GNLD provides a substantial amount of vitamin D in the Chelated Cal-Mag tablets.
    A study in Denmark recently demonstrated that an intake of 3,000 IU of vitamin D for 20 weeks significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The investigators suggested further research on their finding. High blood pressure can cause stroke and damage to the circulatory system.
Reference:
Senti J, Thiele DK, et al, Maternal vitamin d status as a critical determinant in gestational diabetes, J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 2012 May; [Epub ahead of print].
Larsen T, Mose FH, et al, Effect of Cholecalciferol Supplementation During Winter Months in Patients With Hypertension: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial, Am J Hypertension, 2012 Aug 2; [Epub ahead of print].

Blood Clots in the Veins

    Traveling long distances during the summer or fall? Long flights or auto trips are known to increase the likelihood of blood clots in the veins which can result in death.
    A recent study found the B Complex vitamins protect against venous thrombosis. Vitamin B6 was most protective, but vitamin B12 and folic acid also appeared to be protective. These particular nutrients work to prevent the accumulation of homocysteine in the blood. This compound is a powerful free radical and has been associated with increased risk for heart disease. GNLD developed the Lipotropic Adjunct to aid the body in the utilization of fat, but also to reduce risk of accumulation of homocysteine.
Reference:
Zhou K, Zhao R, et al, Association between B-group vitamins and venous thrombosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2012 Jun 29; [Epub ahead of print].

Vitamin E and Fertility

     Infertility is becoming an increasing problem in the United States. Couples often go to extraordinary lengths in attempts to conceive a child. A recent study found that male infertility may be improved by supplementation with natural vitamin E. Intake of vitamin E at dosages of 100 mg three times a day were shown to improve numbers of sperm, mobility and rate of pregnancy.
     Vitamin E was associated with infertility when first discovered. Early animal studies showed that it was difficult to carry a pregnancy to term with vitamin E deficiency.
Reference:
Chen XF, Li Z, et al, Efficacy of natural vitamin E on oligospermia and athenospermia: a prospective multi-centered randomized controlled study of 106 cases, Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue, 2012 May; 18(5):428-31.

Dementia, Vitamin C and Carotenoids

     A recent study found an association between vitamin C and carotenoid deficiency and dementia. Carotenoids are the most potent fat-soluble antioxidants in the human body. The brain is composed largely of fatty acids. It should not be surprising that carotenoids are protective of brain function.
     Vitamin C is a water soluble antioxidant. Vitamin C is unique in that it has the ability to "recharge" most of the other antioxidants in the human body. It does this by accepting the free radicals from carotenoids and other antioxidants restoring them to full potency and effectiveness. Since vitamin C is water soluble, it then carries the free radicals out of the body in the urine. It is this kind of nutritional teamwork or synergism that is often ignored in nutritional studies.
References:
von Arnim CA, Herbolsheimer F, et al,Dietary Antioxidants and Dementia in a Population-Based Case-Control Study among Older People in South Germany, J Alzheimers Dis, 2012 Jun 18; [Epub ahead of print].

Addiction

    Recent studies of drug addiction have shown that addictive drugs have the ability to alter gene expression throughout the reward circuitry of the brain leading to persistent addicted states. This explains why it is so difficult to break addictive habits even when an individual has a desire to discontinue an addictive stubstance. It also explains why we often substitute one addiction for another.
     Fortunately, nutritional research has repeatedly shown that optimal nutrition reduces addictive tendencies and makes withdrawal from addictions easier. Generous intake of vitamin C appears to be particularly important for those suffering with sugar and opiate addictions.
Reference:
Maze, Ian, and Nestler, Eric J., The epigenetic landscape of addiction, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2011; 1216, 99-113.

Fats and Gene Expression

    Epigenetics is the study of how our nutrient intake alters gene expression. A recent paper suggests that long chain omega-3 fatty acids as found in fish promote fat burning. The omega-3 fats also decrease body fat deposition. The genes influenced by omega-3 fats are also involved with glucose metabolism. In rodent models omega-3 fats have improved insulin sensitivity.
     The same study suggests that arachidonic acid commonly found in the American food supply may promote cancer growth and the formation of new fat cells.
     This study also notes that there are a number of obstacles to obtaining sufficient intake of the long chain essential fatty acids. Vitamin B6 deficiency is a crucial inhibitor, especially in older people. Use of alcohol and drugs can also inhibit synthesis and utilization of essential fatty acids. Stress also impairs fatty acid metabolism.
Reference:
Benatti, Paola, et al., Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Biochemical, nutritional and epigenetic properties, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2004; 23(4), 281-302.

Carotenoid Intake

  

     Carotenoids have a specificity of action and competitive absorption. A balanced intake of these nutrients is desirable due to these characteristics. A comparative study found that there was a trend in 1992 to decrease intake of leafy green vegetables rich in lutein and to increase intake of red foods rich in lycopene.
      The carotenoids in leafy green foods protect the skin from sunburn and protect the macula region of the eye from damage by sunlight. This change was particularly notable among white women. Deficiency of lutein and associated carotenoids in leafy greens greatly increases the risk of macular degeneration which is a leading cause of blindness in older individuals.
      GNLD Carotenoid Complex provides an ideal profile of the entire family of carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. The supplement was designed to fill a significant gap in the intake of these important cancer-fighting nutrients in the diets of most Americans.

Reference:

Nebeling, Linda C., et al., Changes in Carotenoid Intake in the United States: The 1987 and 1992 National Health Interview Surveys, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, September, 1997;97(9):991-996.

Schizophrenia and Vitamin D

     Researchers have suggested that deficiency of vitamin D during pregnancy may alter fetal development through an epigenetic mechanism leading to an increased risk of schizophrenia later on.
Schizophrenia is more common among those born in late winter and early spring when vitamin D levels of the mother tend to be lowest. At the equator schizophrenia is most common among those born after the rainy season when less sunlight is available. Children of dark-skinned migrants who move to cold climates also have greater risk of schizophrenia. Dark skin increases risk of vitamin D deficiency. Schizophrenia is also more common in cities than in rural areas.
Reference:
Mackay-Sim A, Feron F, et al, Schizophrenia, Vitamin D, and Brain Development, Int Rev Neurobiol, 2004;59:351-380.

Epigenetics

    Epigenetics is a term which refers to "on top of genes." The basic idea behind this new scientific discipline is that food and nutrients are information which speaks to our genes. The underlying principle we should learn from epigenetics is that our genes do not predetermine our fate. How we feed ourselves also has a great role to play in our health and development.

The queen bee illustrates the powerful impact nutrients can have on the expression of genes. A queen bee and female worker bees have identical DNA.

     The queen bee is different from worker bees solely because she is fed differently. The queen bee is fed royal jelly her entire lifetime while worker bees receive it for only three days. A single ingredient in the royal jelly called royalactin causes the ovaries of the queen bee to develop and is responsible for the other changes in the queen bee including a greatly increased lifespan. 

     The methylation of genes changes the way they are expressed in the queen bee. It is interesting that methyl donors (found in GNLD Lipotropic Adjunct) have also been shown to promote beneficial health changes in humans including reduced risk of heart disease and cancer.

     The National Cancer Institute web site references the following: "It has been known for several decades that diets deficient in methyl donors...cause cancer and that methylation deficiency is a characteristic of cancer." 

Reference:

Huang, Shi, Carcinogenesis: Effects of Diet Deficient in Methyl Donors. http://prevention.cancer.gov/funding/recently-funded/ca03016/1r01ca10534701